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Means of diagnosis

Practitioners of the Unani medicine have, from the very outset, placed great reliance on investigating the causes of the disease thoroughly for proper diagnosis and have employed the following means to determine the cause and the nature of disease:-

1. Nabz (Pulse): The alternative contraction and expansion of the arteries produced by the systolic and diastolic movements of the heart is called pulse. The ten features of pulse which are particularly observed during the diagnosis of a disease are:
(i) Miqdar (Quantity)
(ii) Kaifiat-e- Qara (Force)
(iii) Zamana-e-Harkat (Duration of movement)
(iv) Qawam-e-Ala (Condition of vessel wall; soft or hard)
(v)Miqdar Ma Fil Shiryan (Volume)
(vi) Zamana-e-Sukun (Duration of rest period)
(vii) Malmas ( Palpation of the pulse)
(viii) Istawa-wa-Ikhtilaf (Equality and inequality)
(ix) Wazan (Balance of the pulse)
(x) Nizam-wa-Adam-e-Nizam (Rhythm)

2. Physical examination of Urine and stool: Physical examination of Urine helps a lot in the diagnosis of Urinogenital disorders, pathogenesis of blood and other humours, metabolic disorders, and liver diseases. The following properties of urine are observed:
(i) Laun (Colour)
(ii) Qiwam (Consistency)
(iii) Safa-wa-Kudurat (Clearness and Turbidity)
(iv) Raiha (Odour)
(v) Zabad (Foam or Froth)
(vi) Rasub (Precipitates)
(vii) Miqdar (Quantity)
The physical examination of stool helps in the diagnosis of various diseases. The colour, quantity, consistency and the presence of foreign bodies are observed.

3. Other means of diagnosis: In addition to the above, other conventional modes of diagnosis such as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation have also been used by the Unani Physicians. Regular case histories of patients were recorded and maintained as is evident from the books of Rhazes And Avicenna.

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